![]() These hormones are crucial in human growth and development, particularly in young children, but also in regulation of basal metabolism ( 1– 3). The thyroid is a highly vascularised endocrine gland responsible for the synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and calcitonin. We anticipate that the use of in silico models like the one we describe can push forward the fields of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. ![]() Our study illustrates how constant discussion between theoretical and experimental approaches can help us to better understand the roles of cellular movement, adhesion and polarisation during thyroid embryonic development. Finally, our model also allowed epithelial cell polarisation and follicular lumen formation by endothelial cell abundance and proximity. Our simulations further showed that reduced epithelial cell adhesion was critical to allow endothelial invasion and fission of the multi-layered epithelial mass. Our in silico model, based on in vivo images, correctly simulates the differential growth and proliferation of central and peripheral epithelial cells, as well as the morphogen-driven migration of endothelial cells, consistently with our experimental data. Here, we developed and used a 2-D vertex model of thyroid growth, angiogenesis and folliculogenesis, within the open-source Chaste framework. Animal studies used to improve understanding of organogenesis are costly and time-consuming, with recognised limitations. However, the precise mechanisms and biological parameters controlling the transformation of the multi-layered thyroid epithelial primordium into a multitude of single-layered follicles are mostly unknown. Previous in vivo studies showed that, besides their nutritive function, endothelial cells play a central role during thyroid gland morphogenesis. Follicular organisation is unique and essential for thyroid function, i.e. In the case of the thyroid, organogenesis starts from the endoderm and generates a multitude of closely packed independent spherical follicular units surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. Organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development leading to the formation of fully functional organs. 3School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.2de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Woluwé-Saint-Lambert, Belgium.1Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium.Fletcher 3, Emmanuel Hanert 1† and Christophe E. Similarly, some biologists study the early molecular evolution that gave rise to life since the events that preceded life are not biological events, these scientists are also excluded from biology in the strict sense of the term.Leolo Gonay 1,2, Catherine Spourquet 2, Matthieu Baudoin 1,2, Ludovic Lepers 1,2, Pascale Lemoine 2, Alexander G. Consequently, virologists are not biologists, strictly speaking. It turns out that although viruses can attack living organisms, cause diseases, and even reproduce, they do not meet the criteria that biologists use to define life. For example, a branch of biology called virology studies viruses, which exhibit some of the characteristics of living entities but lack others. What you’ll learn to do: List the defining characteristics of biological lifeīiology is the science that studies life, but what exactly is life? This may sound like a silly question with an obvious response, but it is not always easy to define life.
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